The knitting needle used for a project can change many aspects of the project, including the size and how easy the project is to knit.
How Needles Affect Gauge
Knitting needles are one of three main factors that determine a knitter's gauge, the other two being the yarn weight and whether the knitter's tension is tight or loose. Bigger needles create bigger stitches, while smaller needles create smaller stitches. As a result, choosing a bigger needle will yield less stitches per inch, while choosing a smaller needle will yield more stitches per inch.
Gauge is not necessarily important for all projects. Some, like scarves and pillows, can have varieties in gauge and still produce a workable object, just slightly bigger or smaller than the example in the pattern. However, fitted projects, like hats, gloves and sweaters, require the knitter to meet the pattern gauge, or else the finished object will not fit the intended recipient.
When to Use Circular, Straight or Double Point Needles
Circular, straight, and double point needles are the three main types of knitting needles. Circular needles are two straight needles joined together by a cable. Straight needles are the standard knitting needles with a point on one end and some type of cap on the other. Double point needles are straight needles with points on both ends, and are usually shorter than regular straight needles.
Round projects can be knit on circular or double point needles, depending on preference. Circular needles are popular because the project can be pulled to the center of the cable when stored so that it does not fall off the needles, and there is less likelihood of "laddering" than with projects done on double point needles. Laddering occurs when the space between two stitches is wider than usual, making a ladder appearance. It tends to occur where two double point needles meet in a project. However, double point needles are popular for small projects like socks because they are smaller and more portable.
Flat pieces are also sometimes worked on circular needles, simply turning the work instead of working in the round. This is a popular method for large projects like afghans, because the weight of the project is able to drape on the cable and rest in the knitter's lap, rather than be supported by the wrist while knitting. Straight needles are still popular for many flat projects, though, as there is no cable to get in the way when turning the piece.
How Needle Material Affects a Project
The material needles are made of, usually plastic, metal or wood, can make knitting a project easier or more difficult, and can sometimes alter the appearance of the object.
Slippery yarns are best used with wood or plastic needles, as they have more grip than metal needles, so the yarn will slide off less often. Yarns with a lot of grip themselves are better used on metal needles so that they do not get stuck on the needles. Wood or plastic needles may also be better for loosely spun yarns, because wood and plastic needle tips are usually more blunt than metal. A sharp tip with a loosely spun yarn can lead to a lot of splitting, which increases the risk of the project pilling.
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